Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes a high burden of disease. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control has estimated that in 2019, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) caused 865,767 infections, 38,710 attributable deaths, and 1,101,288 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), in Europe . As increasing rates of AMR further reduce the effectiveness of last resort antibiotics, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. According to Butler et al., between 2017 and 2021, 12 new antibiotics were approved, of which only vaborbactam belonged to a new class. Among 16 antimicrobial agents in phase III or under regulatory evaluation, only four have new modes of action . Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could offer a promising alternative for prevention or treatment of infections . The added advantage of vaccines is that they can reduce the need for antibiotic prescribing, through a reduction of the disease itself (bacterial vaccines) or a reduced number of bacterial superinfections (viral vaccines). As antibiotic use is a key driver of AMR, a lower need for antibiotic prescribing can have knock-on benefits, slowing development and spread of resistance in the population. In addition, evolution of vaccine resistance is less likely than AMR development, as vaccines have a multiplicity of targets and are mostly used prophylactically against invasive infection . Serotype replacement, like after the implementation of Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination, might reduce vaccine sustainability . However, this is a much slower process, and vaccine serotype coverage can be updated over time. For mAbs, antigenic escape could occur, but this can be overcome by using mAbs cocktails or bi-specific mAbs. Moreover, mAbs tend to have a long half-life, extending their clinical efficacy .