Breif History Of Microorganisms And Their Relationship To Humans; The Ancient Egyptians Were The First To Separate And Use Microorganisms For Beneficial Purposes.

ARTICLES

On February 20, 2021

Share

Written by Dr. Khaled Kamal Hussein

MORE POSTS

ARTICLES

o

What is the science of microorganisms Microbiology, which has now become the talk of the world in all its categories.
It is the study of microorganisms that are infinitesimally small and that are not seen with the naked eye and include bacteria - fungi - and viruses.
The West and modern science have attributed the history of the establishment of this science and its preliminary discoveries to three well-known Western scientists, namely:
Louis Pasteur, who was called the spiritual father of the science of microorganisms, and the scientist Robert Koch, who was called the spiritual father of bacteriology, and the third world is Joseph Lister , who was called the spiritual father of microorganisms. Sterilization in surgeries.
Among the discoveries of the scientist Louis Pasteur, the process of bacterial fermentation - the discovery of vaccines for rabies and cholera - and anthrax.
But if we look at our ancient Egyptian civilization, we find from our traces written on the walls of the temples and pharaonic tombs the process of fermentation represented in the method of making bread from thousands of years before Christmas, where our ancestors were the ones who developed the method of making bread by fermentation, and this is by mixing wheat flour with water dissolved in yeast and salt and making A dough and left for a while for the yeast to work on the fermentation process, and this indicates that they were able to separate the yeast fungus and use it to prepare bread before the scientist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of fermentation thousands of years ago. They also used it in the preparation of wines. Our ancestors recorded and wrote down these methods in their Pharaonic writing.

The Story Of The Challenge Of Deciphering The Rosetta Stone And The Relationship Of The Egyptian Hieroglyphic Language To The Egyptian Coptic Language.

MAIN

On February 27, 2021

Share

Written by: Dr. Khaled Kamal Hussein

There is no doubt that the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic language has a special place among the languages ​​of the world.

It was fortunate for the Egyptian civilization to discover the Rosetta Stone in 1799 AD, that stone that contained the keys to the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic language, without which the Egyptian civilization would have remained mysterious and we do not know anything about it. Because we cannot read the writings that the ancient Egyptians wrote on their tracks.

The ancient Egyptians called the hieroglyphic language the language of God (divine words) because they believed that their deity was Thoth (and they depicted him in the form of a monkey's head and a human body) and considered him the inventor of writing and science.

And the word hieroglyph is a Greek word that the Greeks called the ancient Egyptian language when they saw it on the walls of the temples, and it means the sacred excavation.

The young Frenchman, Jean-Francois Champollion, obtained a copy of the stone, as did other researchers, and devoted himself to studying it, showing keen interest in the hieroglyphic script, relying on his long experience in the ancient Greek language, and in ancient languages ​​in general.

The Rosetta Stone, which is currently preserved in the British Museum, is made of irregular granodiorite, 113 cm high, 75 cm wide, and 27.5 cm thick. Parts of it have been lost at the top and bottom.

The stone includes a decree from the priests gathered in the city of Memphis (Mit Rahina - Badrashin Center - Giza Governorate) in which they thank King Ptolemy V (Epiphanes 204 BC - 180 BC) around the year 196 BC for having endowed endowments for temples and exempting priests from some obligations.

This decree was recorded in three lines, in order of writing from top to bottom: hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek.

The bulk of the hieroglyphic script and a small part of the Greek text has been lost.

The priests wanted to record this gratitude thanks to the Ptolemaic king in the official line, which is the hieroglyphic line, and the line of daily life prevailing in this period, which is the demotic line, then in the Greek script, which is the line in which the language of the Ptolemies who were occupying Egypt was written.

The discoverers of the stone had suggested that the stone contained one text in three different scripts.
It turned out later that their suggestion was correct.

After the stone was transferred to Cairo, Napoleon Bonaparte, the leader of the French campaign, ordered several copies of it to be made available to those interested in Egyptian civilization in Europe in general and in France in particular. The stone had arrived in Britain in 1802 under the Arish agreement concluded between England led by Commander “Nelson” and France led by Commander “Mino”.

According to which England received the stone and other antiquities, and the researchers began translating the Greek text, and the researchers “Sylvestre de Sassi” and “Akerblad” showed special interest in the demotic line.

The first important steps in the field of hieroglyphics came from the English scientist Thomas Young, who obtained a copy of the Rosetta Stone in 1814.

Which assumed that the cartouches in the hieroglyphic text contain royal names.

And he relied on other similar texts, such as the obelisk that was found in Philae in 1815 AD, which includes a text in Greek and another in hieroglyphics.

Despite all previous efforts in deciphering the Rosetta Stone, the greatest credit is due to the French scientist “Jean-François Champollion” (1790-1832).

Champollion had to face a set of assumptions:
——————————

The first: Do the three lines (hieroglyphics - demotic - Greek) represent three different texts in terms of content, or do they represent one topic, but it was written in the official line (hieroglyphics), and the line of daily life prevalent in this period (demotic) and then in the language of the Greeks who ruled Egypt .

Second: Is it related to the structure of the Egyptian language, is it based on the alphabet of any group of letters, such as living languages, for example? Or were they written with signs whose sound value ranged between a letter and two or three letters or perhaps more.

Third: Did this writing recognize vowel letters? Are the signs pictorial or audio? What are the tools used by the Egyptian to determine the meaning of vocabulary? Did you use allotments and explanatory signs?!!

Champollion has read the Greek text, understood its content, and read the name of King Ptolemy, and it is clear that he followed the approach of relying on the proper names that cannot be changed.

He moved from the hypothesis that this decree, which was issued during the reign of King Ptolemy V in 196 BC. He must have written in addition to the Greek language (Greek), he also wrote in two lines of the national language (hieroglyphic and demotic).

The name Ptolemy in Greek must be repeated in the hieroglyphic and demotic lines.

In light of Champollion's realization that the consonants of proper nouns do not change, no matter how many languages ​​they are written in.

However, the difficulty will be represented in the vowels that determine the pronunciation of the consonants with the fatha, the damma, or the kasrah.

And since the ancient Egyptian language was devoid of vowel letters, the difference comes in the pronunciation of the consonants, but the Coptic language in which vowels appeared settled the matter to a large extent.

Within the Rosetta Stone, one cartouche, repeated six times, included the name of the king “Ptolemy”, which is the name mentioned on the “Elephant” obelisk, in addition to the name “Cleopatra”.

Champollion recorded the signs contained in the cartouche of “Ptolemy” and their number, and did the same for the cartouche of “Cleopatra” contained on the obelisk of Philae, due to the participation of the two names in the sound value of some signs such as the Ba’a, the Ta’a, and the Lam.

He recorded the same two names in Greek, the number of each letter of them, and the first sign of the name “Ptolemy” in hieroglyphs and the corresponding sign in his name in Greek.

Champollion was able to recognize the phonetic value of some hieroglyphic signs based on their phonetic value in Greek.

With further comparative studies, Champollion was able to identify the vocal value of many signs.

In 1822, Champollion announced to the world that he had deciphered the ancient Egyptian language.

And that the structure of the word in the Egyptian language is not based on an alphabet only, but is based on signs that give value to one letter, another to two, and a third to three, and he emphasized the use of allotments at the end of vocabulary to determine the meaning of the word.

Thus, Champollion laid the first building blocks in the edifice of the ancient Egyptian language. After him came hundreds of researchers who contributed to the completion of the construction of this majestic edifice.

Coptic writing and its relationship to the Egyptian and Greek hieroglyphs:
————-
The Coptic language also borrowed the twenty-four letters of the Greek script, and added six other demotic Egyptian characters (abbreviated or ancient folk hieroglyphs) that the Greeks (Greeks) did not pronounce. .

It is noteworthy here that the hieroglyphic language began to disappear in the Coptic Roman era, and began to be replaced by the Coptic language used by the Copts of Egypt and replaced the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic language.

We note here that the word Copt is taken from the Greek word Aiguptios, which means Egyptian, and the Arabs used it after they entered Egypt in the seventh century AD to refer to the Egyptian Christian citizens.

Also, the word (Copt) has its origin in the Egyptian hieroglyph (Qomt), that is, the black land, which is Egypt, because its land is a black land formed from the silt of the Nile.

It is clear here that the Coptic language adopted a unique approach, as it is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic language, to which some Greek (Greek) words were added, either its writing was transformed or written in Greek (in letters 24 Greek letters added to it six Egyptian hieroglyphs).

Therefore, the researchers considered that the Egyptian Coptic language is a full-character language.

Even after the Muslim Arabs entered Egypt in the seventh century AD, and the Arabic language became the official and circulated language, the Copts of Egypt kept the Coptic language in their churches and prayers.

The loss of the Egyptian hieroglyphic language:
—————————————
When the Greeks entered Egypt under the leadership of Alexander the Great, the Greek language became the dominant language of speech with the Greeks, and it also became an official language in government offices.

But the Egyptians kept the Egyptian hieroglyphic language circulating among the Egyptians for at least seven hundred years after that, and at the same time the Coptic language arose (it is the same pharaonic Egyptian language that some ancient Greek words entered) and here the Egyptians began to forget to read the Egyptian hieroglyphic (Pharaonic) language.

The relationship of the Egyptian hieroglyphs with classical Arabic:
———————-

The researchers also pointed out that many linguistic structures and expressions were transferred from the Pharaonic language to the classical Arabic language since the time of our master Ismail
through his mother, Mrs. Hagar - who was from the house of the Egyptian pharaoh -

And among the words is the word (vow) and its origin in the ancient Egyptian (an + prose) meaning to God.

And the word (with me) and its combination of three syllables (m + p + a) means (in the hand)....

https://fb.watch/ig3jkOqLBx/

services my website

Nanotechnology revolution; And the applications of medical nanotechnology, and what the Egyptian scientist Mustafa El-Sayed reached

History:July 22, 2021

In: Articles

Share

0 0 0 0 0 

Written by Dr. Khaled Kamal Hussein. Cairo

Nanotechnology is the science concerned with building and manufacturing materials and devices on the nanoscale. (In a simplified sense, when the material is broken into small nano-sized parts, the properties of this material change) and it is a very small unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter; That is, ten times the hydrogen atom, as the diameter of a human hair is about 80,000 nanometers, and at this scale the chemical and physical properties of materials differ; Such as color, hardness, conductivity, and reactivity are significantly different from the normal scale.

For example, carbon nanotubes are 100 times stronger than steel, which consists mainly of iron and carbon, but six times lighter.

The discovery of nanotechnology:

——————————————

Ideas and concepts began to form in nanotechnology long before it was used.

That's when physicist Richard Feynman proposed at the American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, a topic titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom."

Where Feynman described a process in which scientists can control and influence individual atoms and molecules.

— and a decade after he explored ultraprecision machining.

Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology, and until 1981 nanotechnology began with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope through which small individual atoms could be seen.

Benefits of nanotechnology:

—————————

Nanotechnology provides many benefits in many areas of life, as it helps to improve many technological and industrial sectors to a large extent, such as:

Information technology, energy, medicine, national security, environmental sciences, food safety, and many other matters.

– It also works on adapting the structures of materials in very small scales to achieve specific properties for them, through which it is possible to strengthen the effectiveness of materials, while being light in weight, more durable, and interactive and interlocking, as many of the daily commercial products in the market depend on nanotechnology.

For example, transparent nano-films on computer screens, cameras, glasses, windows, and other surfaces can help make them waterproof, anti-reflective, UV- or IR-resistant, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive. .

Nanotechnology has also entered consumer products. Billions of microscopic nanowhiskers, each about 10 nanometers long, have been molecularly attached to natural and synthetic fibers to add stain resistance to clothing and fabrics.

Zinc oxide nanocrystals have also been used to make an invisible sunscreen that protects against UV rays.

Silver nanocrystals have also been included in the bandages to kill bacteria and prevent infection.

Nanomedicine:

—————————————

Medical applications of nanotechnology; The fields of nanomedicine vary from the range of medical applications of nanomaterials and nanoelectronic sensors, to the possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. However, the current problems facing nanomedicine are many.

The most important involves an understanding of issues related to nanotoxicology and the environmental impact of nanoscale materials.

The recent development in nanotechnologies has helped to change the medical rules used in preventing, diagnosing and treating diseases, and we are now living in the era of nanomedical technology, where nanotechnology offers, for example, new ways of drug carriers inside the human body (called nanocarriers with sizes up to a scale nanoparticles) are able to target different cells in the body.